apt-get
出自DebianWiki
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[編輯] APT 用法
[編輯] apt-get install <package>=
下載 <package> 以及所有的依存套件，同時進行套件的安裝。
[編輯] apt-get remove [--purge] <package>
移除 <package> 以及任何依此存套件的其它套件。 --purge 指明套件(設定檔)應被完全清除。
[編輯] apt-get update
自 Debian 映射點，更新套件列表，如果你想安裝最新套件，必須先運行一次。每次修改了 /etc/apt/sources.list 後，也必須執行一次。
[編輯] apt-get upgrade [-u]
將所有已經安裝在系統內的套件升級為最新版本。如果一個套件改變了依存關係，而需要安裝一個新的套件時，它將不會被升級，而是標識成 hold。如果某個套件被設置 hold 標號，就不會被升級。
[編輯] apt-get dist-upgrade [-u]
進行系統版本升級，dist-upgrade 會安裝和移除套件來滿足依存關系，因此具有一定的危險性。
http://www.linux-mag.com/2003-10/apt_01.html
[編輯] Tips
- 如何由 unstable 降回 stable
- 要把所有的套件降級至 stable，請依下列來編輯 /etc/apt/preferences 檔：
Package: * Pin: release a=stable Pin-Priority: 1001
然後執行 "apt-get upgrade" ，因為 Pin-priority > 1000 的原因，所以會強制降級。警告你，這會在相依性上造成點小問題。 請參考debian參考手冊 6.2.5 將所有套件降級至 stable
[編輯] FAQ
- apt-get update 出現錯誤訊息
Dynamic MMap ran out of room
- 是apt的cache 太小了... 請編輯 /etc/apt.conf , 加上
APT::Cache-Limit "10000000";
其中 10000000=10M
- 是apt的cache 太小了... 請編輯 /etc/apt.conf , 加上
- 出現錯誤訊息
/var/cache/apt/archives/partial is missing
- 可能是在刪除 archives 裡面的 .deb 檔時, 不小心將 partial 這個資料夾刪除了, 請直接以 root 身份
#mkdir -p /var/cache/apt/archives/partial
就可以了
- 可能是在刪除 archives 裡面的 .deb 檔時, 不小心將 partial 這個資料夾刪除了, 請直接以 root 身份
[編輯] man page 中文版
APT-GET(8) APT-GET(8)
[編輯] NAME
- apt-get - APT 套件處理工具 -- 命令列界面
[編輯] SYNOPSIS
apt-get [-hvs] [-o=config string] [-c=file] {update | upgrade |
dselect-upgrade | install pkg... | remove pkg... | source pkg... | build-dep pkg... | check | clean | autoclean}
[編輯] DESCRIPTION
- apt-get 是命令列下處理套件的工具，而且也許被其他使用 APT 函式庫的工具認為是使用者的"後端"，許多這樣的"前端"工具存在，如 dselect(8)，aptitude，synaptic，gnome-apt 和 wajig。
- 除非有給予 -h 或是 --help 選項，否則必須給予以下任一命令。
[編輯] update
- update 用來從來源站台同步套件索引，可用套件的索引從 /etc/apt/sources.list 所列出的位置中抓取，例如當你使用 Debian 資料庫時，這個命令會檢索和掃描 Package.gz 檔，使得關於新的和升級的套件的相關資訊可被利用，update 命令必須在執行 upgrade 或 dist-upgrade 命令前執行，這樣新的資訊才可被利用。請注意當套件的大小不能被預先知道時所有的進度計將不會正確。
[編輯] upgrade
- upgrade 被用來從列舉在 /etc/apt/sources.list 中所列舉的來源站台安裝最新版的現已安裝套件，有新版資訊寫可用的現已安裝套件將會被取回且升級；在任何情況下現已安裝的套件都不會被移除，未曾安裝的套件也不會被安裝，新版的現已安裝套件不能在沒有更改其他會保持現有版本的套件的安裝狀態下安裝 (譯註：本句大意不明，原文如下：New versions of currently installed packages that cannot be upgraded without changing the install status of another package will be left at their current version)。update 命令必須先被執行使 apt-get 知道新版的套件是可用的了。
[編輯] dselect-upgrade
dselect-upgrade is used in conjunction with the traditional De- bian packaging front-end, dselect(8). dselect-upgrade follows the changes made by dselect(8) to the Status field of available packages, and performs the actions necessary to realize that state (for instance, the removal of old and the installation of new packages).
[編輯] dist-upgrade
dist-upgrade in addition to performing the function of upgrade, also intelligently handles changing dependencies with new ver- sions of packages; apt-get has a "smart" conflict resolution system, and it will attempt to upgrade the most important pack- ages at the expense of less important ones if necessary. The /etc/apt/sources.list file contains a list of locations from which to retrieve desired package files. See also apt_prefer- ences(5) for a mechanism for overriding the general settings for individual packages.
[編輯] install
install is followed by one or more packages desired for instal- lation. Each package is a package name, not a fully qualified filename (for instance, in a Debian GNU/Linux system, libc6 would be the argument provided, not libc6_1.9.6-2.deb) All pack- ages required by the package(s) specified for installation will also be retrieved and installed. The /etc/apt/sources.list file is used to locate the desired packages. If a hyphen is appended to the package name (with no intervening space), the identified package will be removed if it is installed. Similarly a plus sign can be used to designate a package to install. These latter features may be used to override decisions made by apt-get's conflict resolution system.
A specific version of a package can be selected for installation by following the package name with an equals and the version of the package to select. This will cause that version to be locat- ed and selected for install. Alternatively a specific distribu- tion can be selected by following the package name with a slash and the version of the distribution or the Archive name (stable, testing, unstable).
Both of the version selection mechanisms can downgrade packages and must be used with care.
Finally, the apt_preferences(5) mechanism allows you to create an alternative installation policy for individual packages.
If no package matches the given expression and the expression contains one of '.', '?' or '*' then it is assumed to be a POSIX regular expression, and it is applied to all package names in the database. Any matches are then installed (or removed). Note that matching is done by substring so 'lo.*' matches 'how-lo' and 'lowest'. If this is undesired, anchor the regular expres- sion with a '^' or '$' character, or create a more specific reg- ular expression.
[編輯] remove
remove is identical to install except that packages are removed
instead of installed. If a plus sign is appended to the package name (with no intervening space), the identified package will be installed instead of removed.
[編輯] source
source causes apt-get to fetch source packages. APT will examine
the available packages to decide which source package to fetch. It will then find and download into the current directory the newest available version of that source package. Source packages are tracked separately from binary packages via deb-src type lines in the sources.list(5) file. This probably will mean that you will not get the same source as the package you have in- stalled or as you could install. If the --compile options is specified then the package will be compiled to a binary .deb us- ing dpkg-buildpackage, if --download-only is specified then the source package will not be unpacked.
A specific source version can be retrieved by postfixing the source name with an equals and then the version to fetch, simi- lar to the mechanism used for the package files. This enables exact matching of the source package name and version, implicit- ly enabling the APT::Get::Only-Source option.
Note that source packages are not tracked like binary packages, they exist only in the current directory and are similar to downloading source tar balls.
[編輯] build-dep
build-dep causes apt-get to install/remove packages in an at- tempt to satisfy the build dependencies for a source package.
[編輯] check
check is a diagnostic tool; it updates the package cache and
checks for broken dependencies.
[編輯] clean
clean clears out the local repository of retrieved package
files. It removes everything but the lock file from /var/cache/apt/archives/ and /var/cache/apt/archives/partial/. When APT is used as a dselect(8) method, clean is run automati- cally. Those who do not use dselect will likely want to run apt-get clean from time to time to free up disk space.
[編輯] autoclean
Like clean, autoclean clears out the local repository of re- trieved package files. The difference is that it only removes package files that can no longer be downloaded, and are largely useless. This allows a cache to be maintained over a long period without it growing out of control. The configuration option APT::Clean-Installed will prevent installed packages from being erased if it is set to off.
[編輯] OPTIONS
All command line options may be set using the configuration file, the
descriptions indicate the configuration option to set. For boolean op-
tions you can override the config file by using something like
-f-,--no-f, -f=no or several other variations.
-d, --download-only
Download only; package files are only retrieved, not unpacked or installed. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Download-Only.
-f, --fix-broken
Fix; attempt to correct a system with broken dependencies in place. This option, when used with install/remove, can omit any packages to permit APT to deduce a likely solution. Any Package that are specified must completely correct the problem. The op- tion is sometimes necessary when running APT for the first time; APT itself does not allow broken package dependencies to exist on a system. It is possible that a system's dependency structure can be so corrupt as to require manual intervention (which usu- ally means using dselect(8) or dpkg --remove to eliminate some of the offending packages). Use of this option together with -m may produce an error in some situations. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Fix-Broken.
-m, --ignore-missing, --fix-missing
Ignore missing packages; If packages cannot be retrieved or fail the integrity check after retrieval (corrupted package files), hold back those packages and handle the result. Use of this op- tion together with -f may produce an error in some situations. If a package is selected for installation (particularly if it is mentioned on the command line) and it could not be downloaded then it will be silently held back. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Fix-Missing.
--no-download
Disables downloading of packages. This is best used with --ig- nore-missing to force APT to use only the .debs it has already downloaded. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Download.
-q, --quiet
Quiet; produces output suitable for logging, omitting progress indicators. More q's will produce more quiet up to a maximum of 2. You can also use -q=# to set the quiet level, overriding the configuration file. Note that quiet level 2 implies -y, you should never use -qq without a no-action modifier such as -d, --print-uris or -s as APT may decided to do something you did not expect. Configuration Item: quiet.
-s, --simulate, --just-print, --dry-run, --recon, --no-act
No action; perform a simulation of events that would occur but do not actually change the system. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Simulate.
Simulate prints out a series of lines each one representing a dpkg operation, Configure (Conf), Remove (Remv), Unpack (Inst). Square brackets indicate broken packages with and empty set of square brackets meaning breaks that are of no consequence (rare).
-y, --yes, --assume-yes
Automatic yes to prompts; assume "yes" as answer to all prompts and run non-interactively. If an undesirable situation, such as changing a held package or removing an essential package occurs then apt-get will abort. Configuration Item: APT::Get::As- sume-Yes.
-u, --show-upgraded
Show upgraded packages; Print out a list of all packages that are to be upgraded. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Show-Upgraded.
-V, --verbose-versions
Show full versions for upgraded and installed packages. Configu- ration Item: APT::Get::Show-Versions.
-b, --compile, --build
Compile source packages after downloading them. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Compile.
--ignore-hold
Ignore package Holds; This causes apt-get to ignore a hold placed on a package. This may be useful in conjunction with dist-upgrade to override a large number of undesired holds. Con- figuration Item: APT::Ignore-Hold.
--no-upgrade
Do not upgrade packages; When used in conjunction with install, no-upgrade will prevent packages on the command line from being upgraded if they are already installed. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Upgrade.
--force-yes
Force yes; This is a dangerous option that will cause apt to continue without prompting if it is doing something potentially harmful. It should not be used except in very special situa- tions. Using force-yes can potentially destroy your system! Con- figuration Item: APT::Get::force-yes.
--print-uris
Instead of fetching the files to install their URIs are printed. Each URI will have the path, the destination file name, the size and the expected md5 hash. Note that the file name to write to will not always match the file name on the remote site! This al- so works with the source and update commands. When used with the update command the MD5 and size are not included, and it is up to the user to decompress any compressed files. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Print-URIs.
--purge
Use purge instead of remove for anything that would be removed. An asterisk ("*") will be displayed next to packages which are scheduled to be purged. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Purge.
--reinstall
Re-Install packages that are already installed and at the newest version. Configuration Item: APT::Get::ReInstall.
--list-cleanup
This option defaults to on, use --no-list-cleanup to turn it off. When on apt-get will automatically manage the contents of /var/lib/apt/lists to ensure that obsolete files are erased. The only reason to turn it off is if you frequently change your source list. Configuration Item: APT::Get::List-Cleanup.
-t, --target-release, --default-release
This option controls the default input to the policy engine, it creates a default pin at priority 990 using the specified re- lease string. The preferences file may further override this setting. In short, this option lets you have simple control over which distribution packages will be retrieved from. Some common examples might be -t '2.1*' or -t unstable. Configuration Item: APT::Default-Release; see also the apt_preferences(5) manual page.
--trivial-only
Only perform operations that are 'trivial'. Logically this can be considered related to --assume-yes, where --assume-yes will answer yes to any prompt, --trivial-only will answer no. Config- uration Item: APT::Get::Trivial-Only.
--no-remove
If any packages are to be removed apt-get immediately aborts without prompting. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Remove.
--only-source
Only has meaning for the source and build-dep commands. Indi- cates that the given source names are not to be mapped through the binary table. This means that if this option is specified, these commands will only accept source package names as argu- ments, rather than accepting binary package names and looking up the corresponding source package. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Only-Source.
--diff-only, --tar-only
Download only the diff or tar file of a source archive. Configu- ration Item: APT::Get::Diff-Only and APT::Get::Tar-Only.
--arch-only
Only process architecture-dependent build-dependencies. Configu- ration Item: APT::Get::Arch-Only.
-h, --help
Show a short usage summary.
-v, --version
Show the program version.
-c, --config-file
Configuration File; Specify a configuration file to use. The program will read the default configuration file and then this configuration file. See apt.conf(5) for syntax information.
-o, --option
Set a Configuration Option; This will set an arbitary configura- tion option. The syntax is -o Foo::Bar=bar.
[編輯] FILES
[編輯] /etc/apt/sources.list
Locations to fetch packages from. Configuration Item: Dir::Etc::SourceList.
[編輯] /etc/apt/apt.conf
APT configuration file. Configuration Item: Dir::Etc::Main.
[編輯] /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/
APT configuration file fragments Configuration Item: Dir::Etc::Parts.
[編輯] /etc/apt/preferences
Version preferences file. This is where you would specify "pin- ning", i.e. a preference to get certain packages from a separate source or from a different version of a distribution. Configura- tion Item: Dir::Etc::Preferences.
[編輯] /var/cache/apt/archives/
Storage area for retrieved package files. Configuration Item: Dir::Cache::Archives.
[編輯] /var/cache/apt/archives/partial/
Storage area for package files in transit. Configuration Item: Dir::Cache::Archives (implicit partial).
[編輯] /var/lib/apt/lists/
Storage area for state information for each package resource specified in sources.list(5) Configuration Item: Dir::State::Lists.
[編輯] /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/
Storage area for state information in transit. Configuration Item: Dir::State::Lists (implicit partial).
[編輯] SEE ALSO
apt-cache(8), apt-cdrom(8), dpkg(8), dselect(8), sources.list(5),
apt.conf(5), apt-config(8), The APT User's guide in
/usr/share/doc/apt/, apt_preferences(5), the APT Howto.
[編輯] DIAGNOSTICS
apt-get returns zero on normal operation, decimal 100 on error.
[編輯] BUGS
APT bug page: http://bugs.debian.org/src:apt. If you wish to report a bug in APT, please see /usr/share/doc/debian/bug-reporting.txt or the reportbug(1) command.
[編輯] AUTHORS
Jason Gunthorpe, APT team.
Linux 29 February 2004 APT-GET(8)
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